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Abdullah Ahmad Badawi

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In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. The name Ahmad Badawi is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by their given name, Abdullah. The word "bin" or "binti"/"binte" means 'son of' or 'daughter of', respectively.
Yang Amat Berbahagia Tun
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
DK I (Johor) DK (Kelantan) DK I (Pahang) DK I (Brunei) DUK SMN SPMS SUMZ SSSJ SPSA SSAP SPNS DUPN DGPN SPDK DUNM SUMW DP DSSA DMPN DJN KMN AMN
عبد الله احمد بدوي
Abdullah in 2006
5th Prime Minister of Malaysia
In office
31 October 2003 – 2 April 2009
Monarchs
DeputyNajib Razak
Preceded byMahathir Mohamad
Succeeded byNajib Razak
6th President of the United Malays National Organisation
(ex officio: Chairman of Barisan Nasional)
In office
31 October 2003 – 3 April 2009
DeputyNajib Razak
Preceded byMahathir Mohamad
Succeeded byNajib Razak
Ministerial roles
1978–1980Parliamentary Secretary of Federal Territories
1980–1981Deputy Minister of Federal Territories
1981–1984Minister in the Prime Minister's Department
1984–1986Minister of Education
1986–1987Minister of Defence
1991–1999Minister of Foreign Affairs
1999–2004Minister of Home Affairs
1999–2003Deputy Prime Minister
2003–2008Minister of Finance
2004–2008Minister of Internal Security
2008–2009Minister of Defence
Other roles
2003–2006Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement
Faction represented in Dewan Rakyat
1978–2013Barisan Nasional
Personal details
Born
Abdullah bin Ahmad Badawi

(1939-11-26)26 November 1939[1][2]
Bayan Lepas, Penang, Straits Settlements, British Malaya (now Malaysia)
Died14 April 2025(2025-04-14) (aged 85)
Titiwangsa, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Resting placeMakam Pahlawan, Masjid Negara, Kuala Lumpur
Political partyUnited Malays National Organisation (UMNO)
(1964–2025)
Other political
affiliations		Alliance Party (Perikatan)
(1964–1973)
Barisan Nasional (BN)
(1974–2025)
Height1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1965; died 2005)​
​
(m. 2007)​
RelationsSyeikh Abdullah Fahim (grandfather)
Khairy Jamaluddin (son-in-law)
Children4[note 1]
EducationBukit Mertajam High School
Alma materUniversity of Malaya (BA)
National Institute of Public Administration (DPA)
OccupationPolitician, administrator
AwardsFull list

Abdullah bin Ahmad Badawi (Jawi: عبد الله بن احمد بدوي, Malay pronunciation: [abdullah]; 26 November 1939 – 14 April 2025) was a Malaysian politician and administrator who served as the fifth Prime Minister of Malaysia from 2003 to 2009. He was also the sixth president of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and led the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition during his premiership. Affectionately known as Pak Lah—with Pak being a respectful term derived from Bapak (meaning "father" or "sir") and Lah from his given name, Abdullah. He was granted the soubriquet "Father of Human Capital Development" ("Bapa Pembangunan Modal Insan") of Malaysia.

Abdullah was a graduate from University of Malaya (UM). He was also an administrator, served almost 14 years in the Malaysian Government as the Administrative and Diplomatic Officer (PTD) from 1964 until 1978.[3] After he resigned from being PTD, he served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kepala Batas for eight consecutive terms from 1978 to 2013. He also served in various ministeries such as Ministry of Federal Territories, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Minister of Education, Minister of Defence, Minister of Foreign Affairs, before he was promoted to Deputy Prime Minister by Mahathir Mohamad. After Mahathir resigned in 2003, Abdullah took over and selected Najib Razak as his deputy.

Abdullah's premiership began with strong public support and was characterised by promises of institutional reform, anti-corruption efforts, and a vision of moderate Islam through his concept of Islam Hadhari. He led the Ninth Malaysia Plan to allocated substantial funds for national development, including RM10 billion for corridor initiatives, RM3 billion for food security, and RM2 billion for rural infrastructure. He launched major economic corridors such as the East Coast Economic Region (ECER) and the Sabah Development Corridor, aiming to boost regional development and create job opportunities. However, his later years in office saw declining approval due to economic concerns, including inflation and rising living costs, ultimately leading to significant electoral setbacks for the ruling coalition.

​Under his administration, he faced criticism for declining press freedom, with Malaysia's ranking dropping from 104th to 132nd in the Reporters Without Borders press freedom index between 2003 and 2008. The government's control over media outlets and the use of laws like the Internal Security Act (ISA) to detain journalists and bloggers highlighted the limitations on media freedom during his tenure.​[4] However, he expanded democratic space by promoting dialogue and encouraging differing opinions, which contributed to a more vibrant political environment. In 2008, Abdullah announced the establishment of a Judicial Appointments Commission to ensure a more transparent and representative process for nominating, appointing, and promoting judges, acknowledging the need to restore public trust in the judiciary.[5]

Early life and education

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Abdullah was born in Kampung Perlis, Bayan Lepas, Penang, into a prominent religious family. His paternal grandfather, Syeikh Abdullah Badawi Fahim, was of Hadrami descent and was a respected religious scholar and nationalist. He was among the founding members of Hizbul Muslimin, which later evolved into the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), and served as the first Mufti of Penang following Malaysia’s independence.[6][7]

His father, Ahmad Badawi, was a religious teacher and active member of UMNO. His mother, Kailan Haji Hassan, died in Kuala Lumpur on 2 February 2004 at the age of 80.[8] Abdullah's maternal grandfather, Ha Su-chiang (simplified Chinese: 哈苏璋; traditional Chinese: 哈蘇璋; pinyin: Hā Sūzhāng), also known as Hassan Salleh, was an Utsul Muslim from Sanya, Hainan.[9][10][11][12][13]

Abdullah received his early education at Bukit Mertajam High School and later attended Methodist Boys' School, Penang, for his sixth form. In 1964, he graduated from the University of Malaya with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Islamic Studies.[14]

Civil service (1964–1978)

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After graduating from the University of Malaya, he joined the Malaysian Administrative and Diplomatic Corps (PTD) in 1964.[15] He served as Director of Youth's Ministry Department at the Ministry of Youth and Sport as well as member of the National Operations Council (MAGERAN). He resigned in 1978 to become a member of parliament for his constituency of Kepala Batas in northern Seberang Perai (which had also been represented by his father).[16]

Early political career (1978–2003)

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See also: 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis and Anwar Ibrahim sodomy trials

Brought on as minister in the prime minister's department in 1981 by Mahathir Mohamad, Abdullah was responsible for the implementation of the the Look East policy.[17]

When a dispute erupted within the the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) divided it into two camps, colloquially known as 'Team A' and 'Team B', comprising Mahathir loyalists and supporters of former finance minister Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah and former deputy prime minister Musa Hitam, Abdullah was removed from his position as defence minister. However, he did not join the now-defunct Semangat 46 (Spirit 46) splinter party set up by Tengku Razaleigh. Instead, Mahathir brought Abdullah into the pro tem committee of the reconstituted UMNO (Baru) or New UMNO as its vice-president upon the party's founding in February 1988. During a cabinet reshuffle in 1991, Mahathir brought him back into government as the minister of foreign affairs. Despite losing the vice presidency in the 1993 UMNO elections, he remained in government.

In January 1999, Abdullah was appointed acting deputy president in UMNO and deputy prime minister, replacing Anwar Ibrahim in both roles after the latter was removed removed from government, expelled from UMNO, and arrested, sparking the Reformasi movement. Chosen by Mahathir as his candidate for deputy president in the 2000 United Malays National Organisation leadership election, Abdullah was perceived as a political lightweight that did not possess enough political influence or support to challange Mahathir's preeminence within the party. This was attributed to the fact that Abdullah did not partake in "money politics" within the party, which prevented him from building a base. The election was held under rules that prohibited anyone else from contesting the positions of president and deputy president.[18]

Prime Minister (2003–2009)

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Domestic affairs

[edit]

Becoming prime minister after Mahathir's resignation in October 2003, Abdullah entered office espousing a populist reform agenda. Some of his first acts in government were to shelve several mega-projects initiated under Mahathir that were perceived as wasteful and associated with political corruption, establish a royal commission to investigate allegations of corruption in the police force and propose reform, and introduce a code of ethics requiring cabinet ministers and elected representatives to declare their assets. Multiple anti-corruption investigations were also launched against government officials and businessmen that resulted in arrests. He also broke with past practice and appointed professionals to head government-linked companies instead of politicians, calling for an end to the culture of the "iron rice bowl" and towards a culture rewarding performance.[19]

Abdullah's personal popularity, as well as a nonconfrontational style of government that was favourably compared to his predecessor's perceived authoritarianism, delivered him a resounding victory in the 2004 Malaysian general election, where his Barisan Nasional coalition secured 198 out of 219 available seats.[20] However, observers noted that redelineation exercises the previous year under Mahathir also played a factor in the scale of victory.[21]

Abdullah with United States President George W. Bush at the White House in 2004

The reformist momentum slowed after the 2004 general election, and Malaysia's ranking in that year's Corruption Perceptions Index fell two places from 37th to 39th. The continued prevalence of money politics in the 2004 UMNO election, coupled with an abortive attempt to appoint Abdullah's son-in-law, Khairy Jamaluddin, to head a government-linked company cast a shadow on the former's efforts at reform, which faltered with the defeat of his supporters in the party leadership election. That the organisation of the party and the loyalties of middle- and lower-rung leaders' relied on political patronage, which took the form of government contracts and development funds, coupled with the old guard's resistance to change served to hamper Abdulllah's plans.[22] Instead, he shifted towards attempting a reform of political culture within the country, introducing the concept of Islam Hadhari, a moderate-to-progressive interpretation of Islam which called for religious tolerance and modernity. Crucially, it appropriated what had been the opposition Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)'s themes of social justice and distributive equality that had helped them secure electoral gains against UMNO in the 1999 Malaysian general election.[23]

On the economic front, Malaysia experienced steady economic growth throughout Abdullah's years in office, but inflation remained a persistent issue. Under his administration, the Malaysian ringgit's peg to the US Dollar was ended in 2005. The agricultural sector, traditionally neglected in favour of the industrial and services industries, received significant investment from Abdullah's government.[24] When rising costs led to the government lowering petrol subsidies in 2006, street protests were launched in response. These were violently dispersed by riot police. Further plans for restructuring government subsidies in the face of rising fuel prices internationally also faced criticism as Malaysia was at the time a net exporter of petroleum and natural gas.[25] The Ninth Malaysia Plan launched by Abdullah covering government expenditure from 2006 to 2010 retained much of the costly and divisive positive discriminatory measures introduced by the New Economic Policy.[26]

By 2007, a slew of scandals had left a severe dent in public confidence in Abdullah's premiership. These included the acquittal of businessman Eric Chia, among the first to be arrested in the anti-corruption drive at the beginning of Abdullah's premiership, the murder of Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa by two members of the police, which implicated deputy prime minister Najib Razak, and corruption allegations leveled against government ministers, the anti-corruption agency chief, inspector general of police, and the chief justice, among others.[27][22] Abdullah himself was also accused of engaging in nepotism.[28] Mahathir had also began to openly criticise Abdullah after the latter cancelled a major infrastructure project in 2006, one of the last decided upon by Mahathir before he left office, going as far as saying he regretted choosing Abdullah as his successor.[26][29] Conversely, his administration's decision to resume a number of high-profile mega-projects such as the Bakun Dam elicited public criticism in the face of rising costs of living.[28][22]

Malay nationalist sentiment was also played up by leading UMNO politicians such as Hishammuddin Hussein, who infamously brandished the keris, a traditional dagger with cultural significance in three successive UMNO general assemblies, which was interpreted by non-Malay communities as a threat not to encroach on the special position of Malays.[30] The continued deterioration of relations between the country's ethnic and religious groups coincided with a rise in Islamist sentiment in the country that the government promoted,[28] with Abdullah openly referring to the country as an "Islamic state".[31]

The government at this time was also rocked by an unprecedented public protest for free-and-fair elections that was attended by as many as 30,000 people, followed by a separate protest attended by as many people led by the country's Indian minority against racial discrimination. Both protests were dispersed with the use of tear gas and chemical-laced water cannons by armed riot police.[32][33] As many as 12 members of the opposition were also arrested for their participation in the protests, which were considered illegal as no permit had been issued by the police allowing them to gather publicly.[34]

These events precipitated Barisan Nasional's poor showing in the 2008 Malaysian general election held in March, where the ruling coalition lost its two-thirds majority in parliament and control over four state governments to a united opposition riding on popular discontent. Abdullah and his government's reputation was further damaged in September that year when it invoked the Internal Security Act to arrest opposition parliamentarian Teresa Kok, online blogger Raja Petra Kamarudin, and journalist Tan Hoon Cheng, which prompted law minister Zaid Ibrahim to resign in opposition.[28]

Faced with an broadly liberal opposition seen as a threat to Malay supremacy, the poor performance of UMNO in the 2008 election also had the effect of strengthening the Malay monarchies that served as symbolic protectors of Malay interests, which contrasted with their previous position during Mahathir's premiership.[35]

Foreign affairs

[edit]

In contrast to Mahathir, Abdullah's administration adopted a "moderate and low profile approach" to foreign policy, doing away with the former's confrontational, often anti-Western attitude.[36][37]

Relations with Singapore, with whom the previous administration frequently clashed with over issues such as Batu Puteh and the supply of raw water,[36] Meanwhile, relations with Myanmar and Thailand cooled as a result of the former's persecution of Rohingya Muslims and the latter's killings of ethnic Malays during the South Thailand insurgency.[38] Malaysia's relations with Indonesia warmed at the beginning of Abdullah's premiership but became increasingly strained later on as cases of mistreatment against Indonesian migrant workers and the Malaysian government's heavy handed approach to illegal Indonesian immigrants elicited public outcry in the neighbouring state.[31]

Abdullah's promotion of Islam Hadhari in the context of the War on terror was welcomed by the United States, with whom the Malaysian government cooperated with in the former's efforts to combat Islamist terrorism internationally. Nevertheless, it opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Negotiations for a free trade agreement with the United States began in 2005 but were never concluded.[37] Relations were complicated when it was revealed that a Malaysian company was manufacturing parts for the Libyan nuclear programme and various Malaysian companies were implicated in smuggling military parts to Iran.[39]

During Abdullah's tenure, Malaysia sought closer ties with China and signed several agreements as part of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), including the ASEAN–China free trade agreement. Malaysia and China also released two joint communiqués and signed a memorandum of understanding on defence cooperation in 2004 and 2005.[37]

Abdullah's government supported both the United States and China's efforts to resolve the issue of North Korean nuclear proliferation through the Six-Party Talks, and Kuala Lumpur served as a platform for secret meetings and negotiations.[37]

Despite the ongoing Darfur genocide, Abdullah's government continued to invest in Sudan's oil industry, in which Malaysia was the second-largest shareholder behind China. Abdullah expressed support for the Sudanese government's policy towards Darfur.[40]

Resignation

[edit]

Blamed for the coalition's poor performance in the 2008 Malaysian general election, Abdullah was put under increasing pressure to resign as prime minister by coalition partners and UMNO leaders alike. Mahathir's announcement that he was leaving UMNO in May was widely understood as an attempt to force Abdullah's resignation.[41] There were also fears that Sabah and Sarawak-based parties in the Barisan Nasional coalition might switch allegiances to the opposition led by Anwar Ibrahim.[42]

On 10 July 2008, Abdullah announced he would step down as UMNO president and prime minister in 2009. During the UMNO general assembly on 1 April 2009, Abdullah stood down as party president in favour of his deputy, Najib Razak[43] and was succeeded by him as prime minister on 3 April 2009.[44]

Abdullah was subsequently conferred with the title of "Tun" by the King of Malaysia, Mizan Zainal Abidin for his services to the nation.[45][46]

Personal life

[edit]
Abdullah with his wife, Jeanne Abdullah

On 20 October 2005, Abdullah Badawi's wife, Endon Mahmood, died of breast cancer. Endon discovered the disease in 2003 while her twin sister Noraini, who had earlier been diagnosed with the same illness, died in January 2003. She received treatment in the United States and returned to Malaysia 18 days before her death. She is buried at a Muslim cemetery, at Taman Selatan, Precinct 20, Putrajaya.[47]

On 6 June 2007, the Prime Minister's office announced Abdullah Badawi's marriage to Jeanne Abdullah. On 9 June, a private ceremony was conducted at the Prime Minister's residence, Seri Perdana, and attended by close relatives. Jeanne was formerly married to Endon Mahmood’s younger brother. She was also a manager at the Seri Perdana residential complex and has two children from her previous marriage.[48]

Abdullah was criticised for allowing his son-in-law, Khairy Jamaluddin, to become unduly influential in UMNO politics.[49]

Abdullah was also criticised for allowing his brother Fahim Ibrahim Badawi to buy 51 percent of the government-controlled MAS Catering Sdn Bhd. Fahim later sold this stake to Lufthansa's LSG Skychef at a huge profit.[50]

He was known also as a poet.[51] His poem I Seek Eternal Peace was translated into more than 80 languages and published as a book.[52]

Illness, death and state funeral

[edit]

On 11 September 2022, Abdullah's son-in-law and former health minister, Khairy Jamaluddin, publicly revealed that Abdullah had been battling dementia and was no longer able to recognise family members or communicate effectively.[53] In the years that followed, his declining health kept him away from the public eye and he required the assistance of a wheelchair.[54] In 2024, he was admitted to the hospital due to spontaneous pneumothorax.[55]

Abdullah died on 14 April 2025 at the age of 85,[56] following complications from multi-organ failure,[57] at the National Heart Institute in Kuala Lumpur.[58] The next day, his body lay in state at the main prayer hall of the National Mosque from 10 am to 1 pm, before being laid to rest at the Heroes' Mausoleum at around 2:30 pm.[59]

The ceremony was attended by numerous dignitaries and royalty, including the Sultan of Terengganu, Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin, the Tunku Besar of Seri Menanti, Tunku Ali Redhauddin, the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca Mohd Ali Rustam and Mohd Khalil Yaakob,[note 2] the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak, the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah Musa Aman, Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, Senior Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong,[note 3] Deputy Prime Ministers Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and Fadillah Yusof, Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat Johari Abdul and Inspector-General of Police Razarudin Husain.[60][61][62] All four living former prime ministers—Mahathir Mohamad, Najib Razak, Muhyiddin Yassin and Ismail Sabri Yaakob—also paid their final respects.[63][64]

Election results

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Parliament of Malaysia[65][66]
Year Constituency Candidate Votes Pct Opponent(s) Votes Pct Ballots cast Majority Turnout
1978 P035 Kepala Batas Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) 12,645 62.41% Musa Mohd. Yatim (PAS) 7,616 37.59% 21,491 5,029 81.81%
1982 Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) 16,759 68.51% Mohamad Sabu (PAS) 4,115 16.82% 25,277 12,644 80.29%
Khoo Siew Hoe (DAP) 3,589 14.67%
1986 P038 Kepala Batas Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) 15,463 69.33% Ahmad Hasan Salahuddin (PAS) 6,841 30.67% 22,900 8,622 75.81%
1990 Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) 17,025 70.35% Ahmad Awang (S46) 7,174 29.65% 24,931 9,851 80.25%
1995 P041 Kepala Batas Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) 22,521 82.77% Naser Mohd Radzi (S46) 4,687 17.23% 28,301 17,834 78.39%
1999 Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) 19,985 69.40% Abd Khalid Rasid (PAS) 8,810 30.60% 29,413 11,175 81.22%
2004 Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) 25,403 77.72% Abd Khalid Rasid (PAS) 7,281 22.28% 33,356 18,122 84.19%
2008 Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (UMNO) 23,445 65.78% Subri Md Arshad (PAS) 12,199 34.22% 36,328 11,246 84.45%

Honours and awards

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Honours of Malaysia

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International honours

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Honorary degrees

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Others

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Things named after him

[edit]

Several things were named after him, including:

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 2 biological children and 2 stepchildren from the second marriage with Jeanne Abdullah, which are Nadiah Kimie Othman and Nadene Kimie Othman.
  2. ^ Former Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca, served from June 2004 to June 2020.
  3. ^ Former Prime Minister of Singapore, served from August 2004 to May 2024.

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ "Remembering Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi: 7 facts about Malaysia's fifth Prime Minister". The Vibes. 15 April 2025. Retrieved 16 April 2025. Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi was born on 26 November 1939 in Kampung Perlis, Bayan Lepas, Penang. He was the eldest son in a family with deep religious roots. His father, Haji Ahmad bin Haji Abdullah Fahim, was a respected Islamic scholar in Penang and part of a distinguished lineage of ulama.
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  37. ^ a b c d Ping, Hoo Chiew; Busbarat, Pongphisoot; Vannarith, Chheang; Ha, HOANG Thi; Ho, Benjamin Tze Ern; Ping, HOO Chiew; Mantong, Andrew Wiguna; Ngoc, NGUYEN Thi Bich; Rabena, Aaron Jed (2022). Malaysia’s National Interests and Threat Assessment of the United States and China (Report). Asan Institute for Policy Studies. pp. 46–63.
  38. ^ Welsh, Bridget (2005). "Malaysia in 2004: Out of Mahathir's Shadow?". Asian Survey. 45 (1): 153–160. doi:10.1525/as.2005.45.1.153. ISSN 0004-4687.
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  40. ^ Shinn, David H. (1992). Berry, LaVerle (ed.). Sudan: a country study. Area handbook series (5th ed.). Washington, D.C: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8444-0750-0.
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  46. ^ Najib sworn in, Tunship for Abdullah and wife, 2009/04/03, New Straits Times Online Archived 19 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ "Endon laid to rest at cemetery in Precinct 20". The Star. 21 October 2005. Retrieved 15 April 2025.
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Bridget Welsh & James Chin (ed) Awakenings: The Abdullah Badawi Years in Malaysia (KL: SIRD 2013)
[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Education
1984–1986 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Defence
1986–1987 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
1991–1999 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Home Affairs
1999–2004 		Succeeded by
Minister of Finance
2003–2008 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Defence
2008–2009 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia
1999–2003 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Malaysia
2003–2009
Party political offices
Preceded by Deputy President of the United Malays National Organisation
1999–2003 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of United Malays National Organisation
2003–2009
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement
2003–2006 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
2005 		Succeeded by
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